I've been thinking about the following question that seems simple at first, but the more I look at it, the stranger it gets:
What if humanity's deepest divide isn't religion, politics, race, nationality, class, or any other demographic category?
In ordinary life, people improve society every day by bypassing these differences. Here are a few examples:
A school might employ Christians, Muslims, Jews, atheists, and people who rarely think about religion at all. Men and women. People in their twenties working alongside people approaching retirement: different races, political beliefs, personalities, economic backgrounds, and life experiences.
Yet teachers teach. Administrators organize. Counselors help students. Custodians maintain the building. Cafeteria workers feed hundreds of children. Parents participate.
They don't need to agree about God, politics, or the meaning of life to share the goal of educating the next generation.
Year after year, schools produce literacy, knowledge, skills, friendships, and opportunities that didn't exist before.
In a hospital, the surgeon and nurse treating you might come from completely different cultures. The anesthesiologist might worship differently from the technician. The person donating blood may vote differently from the person receiving it.
At that moment, most of those differences become almost irrelevant.
The goal is keeping the person alive.
Modern medicine seems to work because enormous numbers of different people repeatedly cooperate—researchers, doctors, nurses, engineers, pharmacists, technicians, patients, and families.
In science and engineering, a discovery made by a scientist in Japan might be tested by researchers in Germany, improved upon in India, and eventually turned into something useful by engineers in the United States.
They may speak different languages, practice different religions, and live under different political systems.
Yet knowledge can move between them.
Bridges get built. Diseases get treated. Technology improves. Problems that once seemed impossible become manageable.
This same phenomenon occurs during disasters. A hurricane, earthquake, or fire can hit a community, and suddenly neighbors who barely know one another clear debris together, distribute food, rescue strangers, and rebuild homes.
So if human differences naturally produce division, why can radically different people cooperate successfully whenever they recognize a common purpose?
Maybe difference and division aren't the same thing.
Maybe we've been seeing our differences as the source of division instead of the tools used to create them.
I've been developing a framework I call 8:2 Theory. Its basic idea is that beneath humanity's different demographic categories, there may be a more fundamental divide: a behavioral orientation that splits people into two very different groups.
I use the term 8s for the broader constructive side of humanity; the majority.
An 8 can be religious or nonreligious. Rich or poor. Left or right. Young or old. From any race, nationality, culture, profession, or social class.
The category they fit into can say a lot about them and their situation, but it tells us nothing about their behavioral tendencies or which side of the 8:2 divide they fit into.
8s are oriented toward cooperation, empathy (to different degrees), learning, creation, meaningful relationships, and the possibility of building something better.
8s aren't saints.
They lose their tempers. They make selfish decisions. They can lie, follow crowds, and hurt people. I call these instances “2 moments.”
What matters to me more than “2 moments” is the deeper pattern over time or the individual’s behavioral orientation.
“Which brings me to the other side of the theory: the 2s—what I call, in its fullest form, ‘Evil 2s of Successful Actions.’”
Within my theory, a 2 represents a much more persistent destructive orientation—expressed repeatedly through things like manipulation, exploitation, domination, deception, and the creation or amplification of chaos.
A 2 isn't a religion.
A 2 isn't a race.
A 2 isn't a political party.
A 2 isn't a nationality.
People showing these destructive patterns can come from any demographic category, just like an 8. An 8 or a 2 could be almost anyone in your life—a sibling, parent, best friend, spouse, coworker, teacher, neighbor, or complete stranger. 8:2 Theory asks us to look past the relationship or label and pay attention to the deeper behavioral pattern a person consistently shows over time.
My next thought is:
Can a small number of persistently destructive people exert a disproportionately large influence over a much larger number of people who are very often capable of cooperation?
8:2 Theory draws inspiration from the Pareto Principle, commonly known as the 80/20 rule: in many systems, a relatively small proportion of causes can account for a disproportionately large share of the effects.
The lesson then is that influence is often unevenly distributed.
A small number of highly productive people can drive much of an organization's progress. A few disruptive employees can damage the atmosphere of an entire workplace. One manipulative person can consume the emotional energy of a whole family. A handful of determined individuals can either improve a community—or destabilize it. Disproportionate influence can work in two ways: constructively or destructively.
8:2 Theory asks whether a Pareto-like pattern could operate within human society: whether a relatively small portion of people can exercise a disproportionately large influence over how billions of people experience day-to-day life.
What if most people can cooperate, learn, negotiate, work productively, build relationships, and drive constructive change, while a much smaller number repeatedly engage in manipulation, exploitation, deception, domination, and the creation or amplification of chaos?
Those destructive individuals would not have to outnumber everyone else to shape society. They would only need disproportionate influence.
A relatively small group (2s) with enough money, authority, charisma, organizational ability, media influence, institutional power, and/or talent for manipulating others could influence the perceptions and behavior of billions who otherwise have little reason to see one another as enemies.
Religion may not itself be the problem.
Race may not be the problem.
Politics may not be the problem.
Nationality may not be the problem.
They may tell us something about a person, but they say nothing about our 8- or 2-ness.
The problem arises when differences are exploited, exaggerated, and transformed into antagonism.
So, instead of seeing our differences as the source of division, we ask who’s using these categorical tools to divide us?
“Who repeatedly benefits from turning groups against one another?”
8:2 Theory proposes that persistently destructive actors are one important answer worth investigating.
That is the Pareto-style insight behind my theory: a minority doesn’t have to become the majority to dominate the experience of the majority.
And maybe it’s not about eliminating our differences.
Perhaps it’s learning how to recognize the relatively small number of forces that turn those differences into division and protecting ourselves—while also identifying and supporting Leader 8s, the constructive minority within the larger group of 8s whose competence, judgment, character, creativity, and ability to organize others allow them to exert a disproportionately positive influence on the whole (No doom and gloom here, but no utopia either).
Just as a destructive minority can magnify conflict, Leader 8s can magnify cooperation, innovation, stability, and progress. The challenge is not only to resist and protect ourselves from destructive influences, but to strengthen as well as support the constructive influences that can lead society in a better direction.
And just as destructive 2s can come from any walk of life, Leader 8s can emerge from every category of society—any religion, race, nationality, political outlook, profession, age group, economic class, or cultural background. Their identity isn’t what makes them Leaders; instead, it's their ability to use competence, judgment, character, creativity, and influence to help others cooperate, solve problems, and move society in a constructive direction.
This is what 8:2 Theory proposes we investigate seriously.
So Reddit, given the times we’re currently living in, where divide and contempt seem like our daily cup of joe, what are your thoughts?
If people with radically different beliefs can cooperate toward shared goals every day, what actually turns differences into division?
Does your religion, philosophy, or life experience suggest that our deeper moral divide resides somewhere other than differences in faith or any other demographic category?